Temporary site floodlights

Large construction sites usually need temporary floodlight towers (in addition to the temporary lighting inside the new buildings) to provide lighting efficiently for the general movement, safety and security on the external areas of buildings under construction.

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The lighting towers will usually takes the form of fixed tower or mobile tower units. Which one to use usually depends on the siting positions available for the lighting tower units and the duration of the contract.

For contracts with construction periods of relatively short durations, it may be much more economical to use mobile tower units.

However, if contract period is long, then it may be worth some considerations to use fixed height tower units. In any case, the fixed height towers can still be reused on future projects.

Careful dismantle the fixed height static towers at the end of the contract. Then the only extra materials that are required in at the next construction site is the foundation.

Static floodlighting tower units are normally available up to 18 meter high. They can be powered from the mains supply and they can be provided with their own electric generator.

The external areas of a construction site usually need a lighting level of around 20 lux average. This is the level sufficient of for the handling of construction materials and site clearing works.

A rectangular area of 60 meter by 60 meter can be lighted up to this light level by a typical 18 m tower carrying four units of 400 watt high pressure sodium fittings.

A main contractor with larger contracts and relatively longer contract period may want to consider a more elaborate study on their site lighting requirements.

If there is enough space to mount these floodlighting tower units, a proper lighting engineering study can be carried out together with the overall temporary electrical installation. The exercise would employ the floodlight lamp data, the aiming angles of the light fittings, and the mounting heights of the individual fittings to arrive at the required overall Illuminance.

These static towers would normally employ high intensity luminaries and with the type of equipment available today, the contractor can now light areas to sufficient level so the works can continue in evenings of the darker months. This is significant because it can considerably reduce the contract time.

Light fittings used in this application would necessarily be high intensity discharge type and the high pressure sodium lantern have become the more dominant type due to its high lighting output per kW of power usage (approximately 125 lumens per watt). A tungsten halogen lamp would give only 22 lumen per watt. The capital cost of opting the hight pressure sodium equipment is considerably higher than the tungsten halogen, but the main contractor may do well to consider other factors also such as the running cost, installation cost and the lamp life.

At the end of the construction work, all these equipment except the tower foundation, can be dismantled and transported to other project sites for reuse.

Below is a picture of a small mobile floodlight unit:

Picture 1 - Mobile site floodlight unit



Read more on site electrticity at this post, Temporary Electrical Installations.

There is also more imformation on temporary lighting at this post, Temporary lighting installation.

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Mill lighting installation

The following lays lout some requirements for a palm oil mill lighting installation.


LIGHTING FITTINGS – include office, canteen, workshop and guardhouse

High-pressure sodium vapour lamps, high-pressure mercury vapour lamps, fluorescent lamps and incandescent bulkhead fittings shall be used for the general lighting within and outside the mill building. The Contractor shall submit copies of the brochures of the type and make of fittings to be supplied together with the tender documents.

For the main mill building 250W sodium vapour lamps and mercury vapour lamps are to be used for the general lighting. The 250W high pressure sodium vapour lamps shall be installed in the critical areas like the sterilizers, over the threshers, press platform and clarification station where there is a large amount of steam. These sodium vapour fittings shall be of the totally enclosed angle type fitting suitable for installation on the columns or walls of the building similar to Phillips type SNF 003 or equivalent. Where the fittings are to be installed on the outside wall of the building, these shall be of the weatherproof type suitable for tropical conditions.

In the other areas of the mill, 250W high pressure mercury vapour lamps similar to Phillip type HNT 003 or equivalent shall be installed on the columns or walls to provide the general lighting. These fittings shall be totally enclosed angle type suitable for tropical conditions c/w ballast and capacitor.

Some of the sodium vapour & mercury vapour lights within the mill and all the lights outside the mill shall be controlled by photocells and 10A switch at the individual subboards. These lights will automatically light up when it is dark.

Fluorescent fittings (2 x 36W) shall be installed under the platforms and over certain machinery to improve the general lighting in these areas.

Along the inclined empty bunch conveyor, the general lighting is to be provided by 60W incandescent bulkhead fittings installed on angle iron supports along the catwalk. The Contractor shall include the cost of the angle iron supports in the cost of the fittings.

Lighting for the Raw water treatment plant, effluent pump house and palm oil storage tank station shall be provided by 1 x 36W fluorescent lamp.

All fluorescent lamps supplied shall have a choke, starter and a capacitor housed within the fittings.

The light fittings for the compound lights shall be 250W high pressure Sodium vapour lamps similar to Phillips type SRC 511/250 installed on steel poles of not less than 8 meters in length. The steel poles shall have a diameter of not less than 150 mm at the base and shall taper to the top where the diameter of the top section shall not be less than 100 mm. The control gear of the light fitting shall be housed within a weatherproof compartment at the base of the pole. This compartment shall not be less than 500 mm from the ground. The choke, ignitor, capacitor and control fuse for each light fitting shall be installed within this compartment. Each pole shall be planted at a depth of not less than 1,500 mm deep.

The lighting around the fruit-loading ramp shall be provided by 400W high pressure sodium vapour lamps installed on 8 meter galvanized mild steel poles. These poles shall be suitably positioned to provide the best lighting and shall be positioned such that it is least liable to be damaged by the trucks. The lights shall be controlled from the lighting board (LDB-1) at the Sterilizer station by switches installed near the ramp.

The position of all light fittings shall be determined on site by the Engineer.



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Schools electrical installation

Electrical installation design for schools should be simple and economical. It must also be practical and functional.

Among the educational buildings, primary and secondary school buildings are the most common. Yet their numbers are still insufficient to cater for the high increase of enrollment throughout the country.

The construction of new school building by the education ministry has been increasing at a very high rate in the last few years. The design of the electrical system stresses more on the functionality and practicality of the system. The fundamental concept of the design is to ensure maximum safety and to keep maintenance requirements to the minimum. That also means that spare parts that will be needed for maintenance throughout the life of the installation should be easily obtainable locally and low-cost.

Other than the primary and secondary school building, the educational institution has the higher learning institutions such the universities technology institutes polytechnics, teachers training colleges and youth skills training centers.

These institutions have other criteria that set them apart from school building as educational buildings. In designing the electrical installations for these buildings, other that the factors of safety and functionality, special considerations should also be given to the factors of aesthetic values and the possibilities of future extension of the campuses or the building complexes.

Usually educational institutions like these consist of many separate large buildings like the administrative block, the staff quarters, the student hostel blocks, academic buildings, libraries, lecture theaters, halls and lecture halls. A few substations are usually required and they are usually located at large load centers throughout the campus.

These types of educational institutions usually have large campuses where many individual building are located far apart. As a consequence the electrical distribution system requires the use of higher distribution network. Proper switching arrangement between the various substations is usually designed for to ensure the continuity of supply and also to allow for ease of maintenance on the installation network.

A certain arrangement may also be worked out with the electricity supply authority regarding the design of the distribution and provisions of separate individual meters (which are separately billed by the electricity supplier i.e. canteen operators and retail shop operators) at certain facilities on the large campus.



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School lighting installations

The design of electrical installation, including lighting, for schools always have the following few factors as the fundamental design criteria:

1) Simple design

2) Low construction cost

3) Simple operation

4) Low maintenance cost

5) Easily obtainable spare parts

In lighting design for buildings, school lighting designs takes this factors to full use.

Most school buildings are used only during the day and throughout the year we have very bright days in this country. Apart from that, the architectural layout of most school building usually end up being provided with wide area of windows and long narrow corridors.

Due to these factors, the contribution of daylight has a considerable effect in the lighting design for school buildings. In fact the above factors should be utilized fully to obtain a maximum reduction in the number of light fittings that are needed to provide the necessary level of brightness at all time.

An optimized design can have a considerable impact in terms construction cost saving and will result in an installation that is simple to operate and with a reasonable degree safety, considering that the majority of occupants in the school are young children.

The most widely used types of light fittings in school buildings are the fluorescent types, and the most popular of them is the bare channel fluorescent type. This type has always been found to be the most suitable and economical choice for interior lighting.

Fluorescent lights have a good color rendering characteristics. They have longer life and are less susceptible to voltage fluctuations. They also has higher luminous efficacy (higher light output per watt of electricity consumed) than tungsten filament lamp, the nearest contender in terms of simple design and low construction cost.

Lighting installation for student hostel buildings more often utilize compact fluorescent fittings in combination with the conventional fluorescent tubes. This is because the compact fluorescent lamps can be blended easily with decorative luminaries while retaining most of the other advantages: energy saving, high light output per watt consumed, generate low heat and longer life.

In study bedrooms, maximum amount of light is needed over the study table while the room needs to have a feeling of warmth and comfort. Therefore this type of rooms have the compact fluorescent as the general lighting, and an adjustable desk lamp as the task lighting for the study tables.

Spaces with high ceiling like the multipurpose halls and gymnasiums need the type of lighting that require minimum maintenance. Therefore the popular practice is to use high performance lighting types of high pressure discharge lamp. The high performance criteria is very important here because the lamps not only need to be of high light output and less maintenance, but also need to have a good color rendering index because of the type of activities that are carried out in these building spaces.

The stages in multipurpose halls are provided with stage lighting which comprise of the fresnel spotlights, profile spotlights and cyclorama floodlights. The stage lighting luminaries are suspended from specially designed lighting barrels with a complete rigging system.

The stage lighting and the hall general purpose lighting are provided with separate controls. The stage lighting itself is provided with dimmer and programmable controls.

School complexes with student hostels and staff quarters are provided with road lighting along the access roads to the hostel and quarters buildings. The residential compound and carpark areas are also provide with suitable compound lighting and carpark lighting.



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Light switches installation

The installation of light switches and other electrical parts need to take into consideration a number of factors. For light switches, the following requirements must be incorporated into the design drawings and the specifications.

1) The grouping of lighting luminaries into single control should be done in small groups or on individual luminaries. This should be arranged in such a way that unnecessary lights can be switched off while allowing sufficient luminaries to be operating efficiently to give the required level of light over the working space where the activities is ongoing. This is part of the overall effort to lower the operating cost and conserve energy.

2) Where group switching are implemented, clear identification should be provided near the switch to indicate the lighting area controlled by a particular switch. For example, if a switch controls a number of light fittings over the main entrance of a lobby, then a label indicating “MAIN ENTRANCE” should be provided at the switch.

3) Switches should be provided at accessible locations that are within the line of sight from under the light fitting controlled. Exceptions to this are usually enclosed staircases and corridors used by the general public. For these areas, the location of the switches is selected to prevent abuse or unintentional operation by members of the public. Control of lighting for these types of spaces should be done by someone who is in authority over the area concerned.

In many cases these switches are located inside locked electrical rooms. In more advanced designs, these lights are controlled by a timer or the building control system so the lights are automatically switched on and off without human intervention. A manual bypass switch is usually provided where automatic controls are implemented.

In those parts of the world where the climates are seasonal, some form of sensors (eg. daylight sensor) is also commonly utilized.

4) The grouping of the lights should be so arranged that they can be switched off parallel to the windows. This will allow the row of lights nearer to the window can be switched off when the effect of daylight from outside the building is already adequate for the activities in the room.

5) Further control in the levels of lighting should arranged by the use of alternate switching. For example, in a row switching arrangement, alternate luminaries in the same row should be grouped under the same switch. In this way it is possible to switch off half the lights (thereby reducing half of the energy consumption) while maintaining a reasonable uniformity at the same time.

This method can be taken further by arranging the grouping to give a three or four lighting levels. For example, the corridor lighting at hospitals can be arranged into three alternate switching groups. After 7 pm one of the three groups of lights will be switched off, reducing the energy consumption by all corridor lights throughout the hospital by one third. That is a significant amount of kWh for large hospitals.

After midnight, the second group of lights will be switched off, reducing the consumption by a further one-third. That means after midnight only 33 percent of the corridor lights will be “ON”, and these lights are one of three alternately throughout all the corridors.


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Temporary lighting installation

A construction site’s temporary electrical installation must also provide adequate lighting for the activities that are carried out at a particular workspace whether indoor or outdoor. Arguably more important than the light levels, the temporary lighting installation should be sufficiently safe for use and provided with adequate protection to prevent electrical shocks.

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1) Wire cages to prevent against mechanical damage should protect temporary light fittings at the construction sites. Damaged light fittings not only result in the repair cost, but they also present risks of electrical shocks to workers using them or those who are nearby. Precautions must be taken against the danger of electrical fires that because of damaged light fittings or the temporary supply wiring.

2) The temporary wiring supplying the lighting circuits should be connected to the special lighting section on the temporary switchboard. These circuits should be protected by 100 mA RCD (residual current circuit breakers).

3) Festoon lighting should only be used strictly in underground shafts, wells and tunnels. When this type of lights are used, the lamp holders should only be the moulded-on, non-removable type (the lamp holders are bonded or moulded to the wiring cables) and the lighting supply voltage is 32 Volts or below.

4) Either the temporary wiring or the newly installed permanent wiring may supply lift shaft temporary lighting. However, the light fittings used should be properly guarded against accidental mechanical damage and they should only be connected to the wiring using a lighting plug and socket. These lights should be installed at intervals of less than nine meters along the vertical length of the lift shaft. The control of the lift shaft lighting should be by means of two-way switches located near the shaft access points.

5) Normal duty lighting circuits are installed to provide general illumination for work and allow safe movement inside and around the construction site.

6) The installation of wiring for the temporary lighting should be carried out with proper supports and fittings to allow for wiring cables to be routed in ways that minimize obstructions, which can results in damage to the luminaries and wiring. These damages can present shock risks to the works and possibilities of electrical fires.

7) The use of lighting circuits supplied at safe extra low voltage levels (SELV - voltages less than 50 volts ac or 120 volts dc) is highly recommended for working in confined spaces where workers faces high possibilities of frequent contacts with temporary electrical equipment and wiring.

8) An illumination level of 10 lux is adequate for general movement within a building under construction. As an illustration, one length of 100 meter festoon light string fitted with 20 nos 100 watt lamps at 5 meter intervals will give a 10 lux over a rectangular area of 25 meter x 30 meter.

Read more on site electricity at this post, Temporary Electrical Installations.

You can also see a few pictures of site floodlight at this post,  Temporary site floodlights.



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Lighting installation design

This post used to contain a sample need statement for office building lighting design. It was the kind of need statements that are provided to design-and-build contractors or turnkey contractors during the initial stage, when the contractor was invited to submit a proposal.

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 Hinged louvers for maintenance

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Photo 1: Recessed lighting

Need statements like this provide a basis to indicate the approximate scope of works and also the standard of installation required by the building owner of the proposed new building.

However, after analyzing the traffic to this blog, I realized that only very few visitors were interested in the content of this post.

When I uploaded the original post, I had an intention to use it as a starter post from which I could link up to more posts and pictures about lighting design and installations.

The sample need statement would not be changed since someone might need it.

Since there seemed to be little interest in the materials, I have made a decision to just use the article of the need statement as an anchor post to link up to pictures and other articles on lighting.

Because of that, the format of the need statement will not be of a need statement any more.

It will be more convenient and faster for me, however, to link up to other posts on lighting in this way.

I have tons of posts to upload to this blogs, but I usually don’t have enough time to write something about it.

I need a method that does not require too much time writing.

So as you scan through this post downward, you will see the links to other posts that contain more photos, diagrams or articles. Follow the link and then come back here for more links.

What I mean is that I will be adding more links to this post in future, using it as an anchor post for lighting designs and installations.

Internal Lighting installation

The illumination levels shall generally be in accordance with the IES Codes, CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting and Lighting Guide 3 (LG3) and the current practices.

As reference, the general installed illumination levels at some of the areas/rooms shall be as follows:

a) Office, reception areas, waiting areas: 300 lux
b) Computer rooms: 500 lux
c) Lecture / Teaching places: 300 lux
d) Circulation areas: 100 lux
e) Electrical / telecommunication switch rooms: 300 lux
f) Areas for rough work: 200 lux
g) Areas for medium work: 400 lux
h) Areas for fine work: 600 lux
i) Internal corridors: 100 lux
j) External corridors: 30 lux
k) Street / compound lighting: 15 lux
l) Multi purpose hall: 500 lux

The lighting systems shall be designed by arrangement of alternating circuits, proper grouping of lighting switches, separate switching etc. so that unnecessary light fittings can be switched off as desired.

Thus the concept of energy saving shall be considered in the lighting system design.

The luminaries shall generally be of the following types:

1. Air-conditioned areas – Recessed fluorescent fittings with full aluminum parabolic reflectors and louvers complete with hinge for easy maintenance or whichever is appropriate.

2. Non air conditioned areas – Recessed fluorescent or surface mounted fluorescent fittings with full aluminium parabolic reflectors and louvers complete with hinge for easy maintenance.

3. Computer / data processing rooms – Recessed fluorescent fittings with full aluminium parabolic reflectors and louvers complying with CIBSE LG3 or Cat. 2 whichever is appropriate, complete with hinge for easy maintenance.

4. Corridors – Suitable types of recessed or surface mounted fluorescent fittings with full aluminium parabolic reflectors and louvers complete with hinge for easy maintenance, OR suitable type of recessed or surface mounted down lighter with energy saving discharge lamp, whichever is appropriate.

(Links: Hinged louvers for maintenance)

5. Store rooms / toilets – Suitable types of fluorescent fittings, OR suitable types of recessed down light with energy saving discharge lamp.

6. Meeting rooms / conference rooms – Same as office areas but supplemented by PAR down lights c/w dimmer.

7. Plant rooms – Suitable types of fluorescent fittings.

8. Other areas – Suitable types of light fittings.

9. Multi purpose halls – Suitable types of light fittings supplemented by PAR down lights c/w dimmers.

10. Walk path, garden and parks – Suitable types of foot path lantern c/w miniature PL/SL lamp with suitable height, controlled by time switch and/or photo-sensitive sensors whichever is appropriate.

11. Street / compound – Suitable type post with top or side entry SON fitting mounted on/in galvanized/ aluminium/ fiberglass/ composite die cast/ concrete R.C. poles of suitable height controlled by time switch and/ of photo-sensitive switch whichever is appropriate.

Luminaires for special requirements and areas:

1. Gallery/ exhibition/ showcase areas – Suitable decorative fitting, track lighting c/w ultraviolet filters to protect the exhibition materials.


Exit lights and self contained emergency lights of fluorescent type with three hours battery reserve shall be provided for all areas in accordance with the requirements of the Fire Department.

Suitable self contained emergency lights with sufficient lighting level for normal operation and with minimum three hours battery reserve shall be installed in staircases, public areas, electrical/ telecommunication switch rooms, riser rooms/ areas and other rooms/ areas in accordance with the requirements of the Fire Department.

Fluorescent tubes installed shall be of deluxe type with color temperature of approximately 4000 degrees K similar to Philips code 84. External street lighting, compound lighting and flood light shall be of SON type.

Lighting for walk paths shall be of miniature fluorescent lamps such as PL lamps. Ballast loss for fluorescent fitting and compact fluorescent / down lights shall be 6W loss. Insect fittings shall be installed at kitchen, cafeteria and other area as specified by Project Director/ Project Director Representative.

The common corridor, public areas etc. shall have two levels of illuminance (evening/ night) such that after midnight the lighting cab be reduced to a lower level.

The switching of these lights shall be by automatic time switches complete with 24 hours battery reserve and manual override or by other appropriate methods.

Depending on the functions of the department/ areas, some of the light fittings shall be connected to the essential circuits.

Suitable and adequate number of outdoor lighting with SON/ Metal Halide shall be provided for games courts such as badminton courts, squash courts, volley ball courts, etc.

External Lighting Installation

All works shall comply with the requirements, rules and regulations. They shall also follow the relevant latest circular for external lighting.

External lighting installations shall consists of Street Lighting, Compound Lighting, Garden/ Landscape Lighting, Sport Lighting, Area Floodlighting, Security Lighting, Fence Lighting, Façade Lighting, etc.

Compound/ street lighting shall be provided for the compound and internal roads within the compound of the project. The compound/ street lighting shall be mounted on galvanized/ aluminium/ fiber glass/ composite die cast poles/ concrete R.C. poles not exceeding 3.0 meters in height for compound lighting and 8.0 meters for street lighting. Wall mounted light fittings shall be used where pole mounted light fittings are not suitable.

Generally, the spacing between the poles shall not exceed three times the mounting height of the pole. The lamps for the light fittings of SON type. The illumination level on the ground/ road surface shall not be less than 1.5 lumens.

Suitable path lighting with PL lamps shall be provided in the parks and gardens and at the walk paths.

Suitable lightings shall be provided for guardhouse, signage, front fencing, etc.

Area floodlight shall be provided where necessary.

Suitable lighting with SON/ Metal Halide lamps shall be provided for games courts such as tennis court, badminton courts, volley ball courts, etc. The light fittings shall be on hot dipped galvanized steel poles/ concrete R.C. poles with climbing rungs and easy maintenance, etc.

All external compound/ street/ flood/ path lightings shall be provided with time switches and manual bypass or by other appropriate methods for automatic and manual switching. The lighting systems shall be of such design so that after midnight the lighting levels can be reduced if required.

Façade lighting consisting of floodlights, directional lights, etc. shall be provided to enhance the façade of the buildings.

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